
Even though the implementation modalities of the off-grid electrification programmes such as ESD, RERED, and RERED-AF differ in many ways, there exist some commonalities across such programmes. Micro-grid projects promoted through these programmes are largely community-based interventions and. . In case of micro-hydro projects, the finance for the project is mobilised through four different sources, i.e. contribution from the community, co. . Capacity building is undertaken at different layers of the project execution and management and for a host of stakeholders. Existing industrial associations for different renewable energy technologies such. . Starting from the conceptualisation stage till up to the implementation of off-grid projects, a series of approvals is required from different authorities and agencies in order to run the project smoothly. One of the initial approvals is. . Technical norms and standards are important for renewable energy-based off-grid systems. The Administrative Unit of DFCC Bank has a technical standard consultant for providing. [pdf]
As global energy systems shift hastily away from the disruptive use of fossil fuels, the current crisis in Sri Lanka presents an opportunity to reinvent the energy system to one that is based on abundant indigenous renewable energy (RE) resources and able to meet the country's growing energy demand [ 2, 12 ].
This research demonstrated how, through a supply of renewables and the use of energy storage, the hourly energy demands of Sri Lanka's power, heat, transport, and desalination sectors can be met in the BPS. Solar PV, including prosumer solar PV, provided up to 86% of the annual energy demand of the country by 2050.
The final energy demand of the Sri Lankan energy system, indicated as fuel, heat and electricity are given in Fig. 5 (a). The higher electrification across all the energy sectors in the BPS results in a higher electricity demand for the final energy system, with 70% of the total FED.
Battery storage plays a significant role from 2030 onwards while meeting 34% of the final electricity demand in 2050. Results indicate that the increasing total final energy demand of Sri Lanka can be met through renewables-based electricity and a diverse mix of technologies.
Fig. 8 represents the energy flow of the energy system in Sri Lanka in 2050, as modelled in the BPS. The PED is 216 TWh, while the FED is about 170 TWh. Solar PV single-axis tracking is the dominant energy supply technology, meeting up to 72% of the total PED.
Sankey diagram of the energy system in Sri Lanka in 2020. Fig. 2. Overview of the steps taken to define and identify the least cost energy transition pathways for Sri Lanka up to 2050. In this research, three pathways projecting the development of Sri Lanka's energy sectors in Fig. 1 up to 2050 are analysed.

Service differentiation is a mechanism allowing distinguishing different traffic classes where each class has its specific QoS requirements and priorities (in terms of reliability, latency, throughput, etc.). As stated previously, WSN-based smart grid applications are diverse which leads to various traffic patterns, each. . Smart grid environments are commonly characterized by electromagnetic interference, equipment’s noise and multi-path effects, which negatively impact the. . Link quality estimation is a prerequisite for higher layer protocols to overcome low-power links unreliability in smart grid environments . The performance of well-known. . The application of WSNs in smart grids raises new constraints, pertaining to both the harsh electrical grid nature and the diverse QoS requirements of smart grid. [pdf]

The IEC 61850 standard enables many features such as interoperability, seamless communication networks, object-oriented design, systematic factory and site acceptance testing. IEDs manufacturers add several functions to use these features and to exchange data with upper levels, e.g. station level. Clearly, the. . The smart grid can use SAS features to rapidly deploy several services and functions in transmission and distribution networks and control. . Modern SAS are smarter with software enabled devices, digital sampling and seamless communication networks. These systems provide useful information for the smart grid applications and. [pdf]
Estimation of the Overall Grid Status Regionally collected data from modern smart substations, through the routed messages (routed GOOSE and SV), can help to manage protection and control strategies in real time with large power grids.
Monitoring of the parameters associated with the smart grid and power management of RERs The suggested prototype also offers features for managing and controlling smart grids linked with a substation. The monitoring of the integrated smart grids into the PDN is also the focus of the proposed study.
Regionally collected data from modern smart substations, through the routed messages (routed GOOSE and SV), can help to manage protection and control strategies in real time with large power grids. The overall state of the grid therefore can be estimated before appearance of reliability issues, such as cascaded failure or blackouts.
The proposed study implements IoT technology for power parameters monitoring of substations and smart grids for their effective use, as it considers four types of load management, including industrial, domestic, commercial, and electric vehicles, with the aid of IoT technology to avoid power fluctuations and contingencies.
IoT-Enabled Smart Substation Monitoring and Control: This study also contributed to forming an IoT-based system for monitoring and managing numerous substation characteristics. This platform enables PDCs to remotely monitor voltage, current, power production, and energy usage inside substations by installing IoT sensors and modules.
The suggested system utilizes a customized software-defined networking technology, enabling seamless power grid integration with an efficient and real-time wireless communication architecture. The suggested approach represents a significant step toward implementing smart grid infrastructure.
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