
Lithium-ion battery pack price dropped to 115 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour in 2024, down from over 144 dollars per kilowatt-hour a year earlier.. Lithium-ion battery pack price dropped to 115 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour in 2024, down from over 144 dollars per kilowatt-hour a year earlier.. According to a recent analysis, the average price of lithium-ion battery packs for electric vehicles fell by 20 per cent to USD 115 per kilowatt hour in 2024 - the sharpest price drop since 2017. [pdf]
The finance group revised its global battery demand growth projection to 29% for 2024, down from the previous estimate of 35%, with a 31% growth expected in 2023. Goldman also forecasts a 40% reduction in battery pack prices over 2023 and 2024, followed by a continued decline to reach a total 50% reduction by 2025-2026.
In 2023, the supply of cobalt and nickel exceeded demand by 6.5% and 8%, and supply of lithium by over 10%, thereby bringing down critical mineral prices and battery costs. While low critical mineral prices help bring battery costs down, they also imply lower cash flows and narrower margins for mining companies.
LFP production and adoption is primarily located in China, where two-thirds of EV sales used this chemistry in 2023. The share of LFP batteries in EV sales in Europe and the United States remains below 10%, with high-nickel chemistries still most common in these markets.
LFP is the most prevalent chemistry in the Chinese electric car market, while NMC batteries are more common in the European and American electric car markets. China’s current leading role in battery production, however, comes at the cost of high levels of overcapacity.
In contrast, LFP batteries have a lower residual value after recycling, which could put pressure on recycling business models. Nonetheless, regulations can fill this gap by either incentivising or mandating the recycling of end-of-life batteries regardless of their residual value.
In 2023, the global EV fleet consumed about 130 TWh of electricity – roughly the same as Norway’s total electricity demand in the same year. Zooming out to the global scale, EVs accounted for about 0.5% of the world’s total final electricity consumption in 2023, and around 1% in China and Europe.

In 2019, a competitive auction for a new PV plant saw a worldwide record low bid of 14.76 per MWh, well below other generating technologies. The auction awarded 1.150 MW of solar capacity to various companies, significantly more than the total installed capacity at the time. A 2020 auction saw a price of €11.16 per MWh. Solar power interest is growing exponentially in Portugal. João Galamba, the State Secretary fo. [pdf]
In a bold announcement, Portugal recently surpassed its entire solar output from 2023 by September 2024, celebrating a record year for solar energy production. According to REN (Rede de Energia Nacional), the country generated more than 3.99 TWh of solar energy in just the first nine months, exceeding last year's total of 3.6 TWh.
This is surprising, given that Portugal had already had some successful experiences with solar energy. Amaraleja, a utility-scale solar plant in Moura (Beja district), was the largest in the world while it was being built, and came on-grid more than a decade ago, with a highly subsidised tariff at a time when solar PV costs were still high.
Amaraleja, a utility-scale solar plant in Moura (Beja district), was the largest in the world while it was being built, and came on-grid more than a decade ago, with a highly subsidised tariff at a time when solar PV costs were still high. It proved that the technology could work reliably in Portugal.
One of the main highlights of 2023 was the surge in solar capacity installation, reflecting Portugal’s steadfast commitment to renewable energy and accompanying the trend from previous years. According to data revealed by DGEG (Direção Geral de Energia e Geologia), there was a staggering 46% increase in installed solar capacity during the year.
Meanwhile, the rapid expansion of hydroelectric and solar energy capacity is helping Portugal meet growing energy demands in a sustainable way. These efforts align with European Union objectives, such as the RePowerEU plan and the Renewable Energy Directive, which targets 42.5% renewable energy in total consumption by 2030.
At the end of 2020, solar power installed capacity totalled 1.03 GW and represented 3.6% of total power generation in 2020. Portugal has set a goal of between 8.1 GW and 9.9 GW in installed capacity by 2030. The Serpa solar power plant is an 11 megawatt plant covered 150 acres (0.61 km 2) and employs 52,000 PV panels.
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